You see these ads so preposterously often that they may even start to make you doubt whether it really IS possible to make money online.

The question is how do they do that? You may not even make a thousand dollars a month, let alone per minute!

Well, the answer to this question may very well be: they don’t! That claim may be a a shade exaggerated. Bad luck!

But…

working from your own home there are certainly ways you can make an extra $100 a day. Which makes a nice $2,000 a month.

Even more is possible, but let’s not magnify the claims here, ok?

Photo Credit: sushi?ina

There are many ways to make at least $100 dollars a day. In fact, I’ve just finished reading a great report sharing 77 different ways you can create a nice online income.

It’s written by my friend Dennis Becker, who is known on the Net as a down to earth guy. Which he actually is, as I will show below!

Now, 77 are a lot of ways to make money online. You probably won’t like them all, but there should be at least 10 that you definitely can do.

Some of them require more work than others, but remember that you can mix and match. If you’re only able to get 2 of them going, then your monthly income will grow to a nice $4,000!
Most important thing is to have fun doing whatever you enjoy.

For each of the 77 ways to make money online, Dennis lists an overview and then fleshes them out a bit so you can start right away using some of them. He even tries to give you an estimate of how much you can expect to make for each plan.

As Dennis also explains, you need 4 things in order to reach your goals.

1. .
2. First you need the goal, showing that you’re really interested in making money online or at least an extra $100 a day.
3. Then you need a plan. Included in the report are 77 concise mini plans, just enough to give you an idea so that you can decide if they’re for you or not.
4. Next, you need knowledge. A lot of of the plans are pretty easy, but some of them require special skills, like for example Photoshop or HTML skills, or the ability to install a WordPress blog. All these skills can be learned, but that’s NOT covered inside the report.
5. The most important part: you need to take action. There’s no way you’re going to make money online without performing consistent tasks to do whatever it takes to get there. Yes, that means… Work!

If you are really serious about making money online you should get this report. There’s no limit to what you can earn using these plans, but let’s be conservative: a nice extra monthly income is absolutely achievable.

Get your own copy of this excellent make money online report.

And don’t forget to post your comments below.

77 Ways To Make Money Online – $100+ A Day is a post from Affordable internet marketing, http://www.affordable-internet-marketing.com by Case Stevens.

That’s what today’s guest writers Lena Morrish & Dima Nikolayenko, owners of InternetBusinessBTS.com, tell us.

While building a serious Internet business is NOT easy, as Welly Mulia already wrote, there are plenty of solutions for the serious entrepreneur who wants to start his or her own internet business.

Here’s the opinion of Lena and Dima.
Enjoy!

—————-

Starting An Internet Based Business Is Not As Difficult As You May Believe

Working from home is a great option as it saves us plenty of hassles. No commute, work when you need to or want too, plenty of time for the family and you can work in your pajamas!
And if this work-at-home option happens to be your own internet business then there are no bosses to answer to.

Photo Credit: merfam

All this sounds great but what about the expenses of starting an internet based business? Technical details? Computer skills? Internet expertise? You don’t need any of these. All you require is a computer with an internet connection and an idea or product or service that will sell. You can set up and start your own internet business without much money time or efforts.

Once you are ready with your website, you will need to get it online so that the world can see it. This is done with a process called “web hosting”. A computer known as server runs 24/7 and is always connected to the internet. This computer acts as you host it “hosts” your web page, and helps to bring the world to your business.

A competent web hosting company will post your page on the net and keep it there with rare if any blackouts. They will take care of the technical stuff for you, all this for a monthly fee.

A monthly fee will rid you of a lot of work and save you time too. Naturally you need to look for a web host that is not too expensive or else it will not be worth it. You can easily locate an inexpensive web host that will be able to provide you the features you need and not cost a bomb too.

The inexpensive hosts no doubt can’t provide you with premium service but there are a few features that you can’t do without. The web hosting company should be reliable, a decent customer support system and most important your website should be available always.

The next thing is that you should be able to update and change the content of your web pages, whenever you want to. All the links that you put in there should work properly. The interactive features (mainstay of a business) should work effectively.

Another important aspect of an online business is that you should be able to respond to queries within reasonable time. Online business runs 24/7 and it’s not possible for you to be present every time a query comes in. You need a good auto responder that will take care of immediate response.

The automatic responder will reply to each and every query with short but polite answers that you may have added to the library. The next time you log on, you can send personalized replies and solutions to the queries. This will ensure that your customer feels acknowledged and knows that he is valued.

With the right inexpensive web host and an automatic responder you are all set to start off your own online business from home.

—————-

About the Authors
Lena Morrish & Dima Nikolayenko, owners of InternetBusinessBTS.com, are happy to help entrepreneurs starting an internet based business with tips or guides on such topics like inexpensive host, keyword tools, affiliate marketing or any other aspects of the business.

—————-
Case again.
What’s your take on starting your own internet business?
Post your comments below.

Starting Your Own Internet Business is a post from Affordable internet marketing, http://www.affordable-internet-marketing.com by Case Stevens.

To help Adsense detect what keyword you’re talking about, you therefore should have them
- in the title of a post,
- in the H1 heading and
- a couple of times in the text, preferably close at the top, in the middle and near the bottom of your content.

Emphasizing one keyword occurrence by making it bold or italic may be very helpful too.

So far, these are usual and common practices to help Adsense decide the main keywords it should publish ads for. But there’s more! Read on.

Of course, to get the most out of your Adsense income, you must first find the best Google Adsense ads.
But once you’ve found them, you must also put full emphasis on keywords you’ve selected. And that’s exactly what Google Adsense allows you to do using…

Section Targeting
This feature allows you to enhance your ads results. In their Adsense Help department, Google explains this as follows:

Section targeting allows you to suggest sections of your text and HTML content that you’d like us to emphasize or downplay when matching ads to your site’s content. By providing us with your suggestions, you can assist us in improving your ad targeting. We recommend that only those familiar with HTML attempt to implement section targeting.

Positive Section Targeting
Basically there are two ways to tell Adsense what to look for: the part you consider important and the part of your page you consider irrelevant.

To tell Adsense about the important part of your content, just add this line of HTML comment to your content:

<!–google_ad_section_start—>

and end that section with this line:

<!–google_ad_section_end—>

If you’re showing Adsense ads on each post, I would suggest placing the first line above the post heading. Look for a line in single.php or index.php that starts with:

<?php if (have_posts()

and place the google_ad_section_start just below that line, because the next line will show your post headers.

Placing the ‘end’ tag strongly depends on your blog content. I prefer to place it before my comment section, but you may decide to put it below that or even somewhere else. Test which placement does well for your blog.

Downplay Keyword Adsense Targeting
Equally, you can show Adsense which parts of your site are irrelevant for keywords by adding this HTML comment to your template file:

<!– google_ad_section_start(weight=ignore) –>

and end that section again with

<!–google_ad_section_end—>

Again, where you put these HTML statements is up to you, but I use it at the start of my sidebar and end at the bottom of the source code of each post (at the end of the footer), because that’s the part of my pages that isn’t interesting when it comes to search engine optimization or keywords.

Read more about optimizing keywords for Adsense at:
Section Targeting
Adsense sandbox
How to Optimize Content for AdSense
How To Really Make Money With Google Adsense
Slightly Advanced AdSense Optimization

That’s it. Try it and let me know what you think of it.
Post your comments below.

Optimizing Your Keyword – Adsense Help: Section Targeting is a post from Affordable internet marketing, http://www.affordable-internet-marketing.com by Case Stevens.

It shows recommended Clickbank products, closely related to the keywords of your blog posts. And the links carry your Clickbank ID.

There are many ways to monetize your blog.
If you have thousands and thousands of readers, selling ads is a great solution.

But for many, many others, one of the best ways to generate money from your blog is affiliate marketing. If you write valuable posts, you’ll probably get the highest clicks.

That is, IF you use some form of contextual advertising. Which means you have to closely relate your promotions to the content of your posts.
Therefore your posts should contain solid and usable content in addition to the soft, integrated sales pitch. Write as if you were talking to a friend so that it doesn’t come across as too sales-y.

Which, by the way, also implies, that you really should STOP selling stuff!

Adsense comes to mind as one of the most simple solutions. But unless your Google Adsense income rocks, chances are you probably earn cents per click (I found the appropriate text Google Adcents somewhere).

Promoting Clickbank products is another easy way, only…
…how do you find products suitable in your blog posts?

Thanks to the Clickbank Adsense plugin that problem is solved, so you can now utilize Clickbank, one of the biggest affiliate networks on the Internet.

This plugin will use your post tags as keywords to display targeted affiliate products from the Clickbank marketplace.
You also have total control how the ads will show on your blog and how many of them. And you can custom color code the ads to make them blend in with your blog design.

If you don’t use tags in one or more of your posts, the plugin will use a predefined keywords list. You can create this list inside the plugin settings tab of your WordPress admin panel.

You will need WordPress 2.7 or newer to install this Clickbank plugin on your server. The plugin won’t work on blogs hosted by WordPress.com. You need a self hosted blog.

This is important: your blog is your castle. YOU get to decide which content to put on it and YOU get to keep your ad revenue.
That’s why it’s more effective to promote affiliate products on your blog rather than any other form of monetization. Affiliate commissions have a much higher payout!

By the way, this Clickbank Adsense plugin has an affiliate program, so you’ll be able to recoup your investment with just two sales. I’m using my affiliate link in this post!

Check it out. You should be able to make some money with this plugin.
Let me know what you think.
Post your comments below.

New Clickbank Adsense Plugin is a post from Affordable internet marketing, http://www.affordable-internet-marketing.com by Case Stevens.

I think his contribution will be very useful for a lot of bloggers, so that’s what you can read below. I’ll let Bryan do the talking.
Enjoy!

—

So, you have a blog and you write in it but you have seen no results?

This is a common problem among millions of bloggers. Some people don’t mind though because they are not trying to make money from their blog. It is those that are trying to make money online that get frustrated. In order to make money from a blog you need traffic.

Here are some tips to get tons of traffic to your blog so you can make some online money.

Photo Credit: sushi?ina

1. Make a quality post to your blog every day.
Why would people keep visiting a blog if nothing ever changes and there is no new information on it? They wouldn’t.

2. Join in conversation on other blogs.
Leave useful comments and link back to your blog. Of course, do this in a category that is related to your blog.

3. Let your readers post comments on your posts.
Not only will this create more traffic but you will learn about your writing and what your readers are looking for. If you give your readers what they want they will keep coming back to your blog for a long time.

4. Find forums that are related to your blog topic.
Make a link in your signature file that points back to your blog. Give something away to people who visit your blog. This will make people more willing to click on your blog link.

5. Submit articles about your blog.
Article marketing is very effective. In the resource box of your article include a link back to your blog. The more articles you write the more traffic you will get.

The best thing you can do is have a plan.
For example, comment on 5 blogs per day. Write 10 articles per day. Participate and make 5 posts in forums each day. That should take you about 1-2 hours per day and will get you some very good traffic.

Here is my favorite tip:

6. Capture email addresses.
Here is why this will get you more traffic. Once you have someones email address you can have pre written autoresponder messages loaded. Now that you have their information you can email them anytime you want.

I know that when I send an email to my list I get at least 500 clicks or more because people are interested in what I have to say. It doesn’t take long to start building a list and if you are not then you are missing out on huge traffic and money.

If you do nothing else then at least start building a list of subscribers. No matter what your niche is, it is very profitable to have a list of people who show an interested in what you are selling.

—

For a free guide with step by step directions on how to get started visit Make Money Online in 8 Steps

—

So far for Bryan.
What are your best tips to make money online?
Post them below.

5 Hot Tips For Making Money Online With Your Blog is a post from Affordable internet marketing, http://www.affordable-internet-marketing.com by Case Stevens.

This product was created as a result of a highly popular post in the Warrior forum that I’ve talked about before in Free Products And Opportunities.

Cash Cow Workshops is an outstanding product.
These workshops will generate money, but their main goal is to pick up web development clients on the back-end. And the main factor of that development will be as simple as list building.

While reading the modules, I found this a very do-able way to set up a huge business. Even in difficult times like now, because it will save local business owners advertising money and bring them more profits. HUGE benefits to promote your business.

Don’t let speaking in public scare you, because David has that problem covered too by just outsourcing the workshops that you put together.

The goal of these workshops is to honestly tell business owners how to run their online business more effectively. You may be surprised how easy this will be.

Apart from the introduction, there are 7 modules that discuss how to conduct these workshops. They are really easy to read and follow. They don’t give an exact step-by-step instruction, but discuss the main key components which is more than enough to get you going. Here’s what they’re about:

1. Selecting your location for the workshops
2. How to setup the workshops
3. Workshop content
4. The hidden closing technique that works every time
5. The initial meeting with the business owner
6. Setting up your own outsourcing network
7. Increasing your volume through demand

As I wrote above, this product shows you exactly what you need to do in order to start cashing in on your local business market. It gives you all the guidance and swift kicks you need to capitalize on this incredible market.
Local businesses are really struggling today. Through this course you’ll learn how to help them cut their expenses, increase their profits and pay you well in the process.

I think the main problem applying all this information is to convince yourself that it really is that easy and that YOU are the expert in this matter. You’re clients aren’t, in fact they just don’t know how to do business online. All they do is put out a billboard on the Net. They just don’t have time to learn how to do this properly and then apply all the information. They rather spend their advertising budget on you if you can show them how to use it effectively. And you can!

Check out Cash Cow Workshops. You won’t be disappointed.
Let me know what you think of it.
Post your comments below.

How Workshops Can Be Cash Cows is a post from Affordable internet marketing, http://www.affordable-internet-marketing.com by Case Stevens.

Since the name of this blog starts with ‘Affordable’, I didn’t promote any high ticket items. Instead, I showed some free and a few very cheap ways to make money immediately. All I had in mind is to help these scared people to survive this recession.

That may have been a mistake on my part, because the cheaper the solution, the more INcredible the opportunity is regarded upon. Perceived value, you know!
The result however is, that high ticket items, that are believed to be good and helpful, are out of range of many while at the same time the cheap solutions are put aside as being unbelievable or unrealistic.
Thus… nothing happens and that definitely is the wrong way to survive a recession!

Photo Credit: Wrote

You see, there were many people took me up on my offers and took action, happy to have another opportunity to make money online.

But many were complaining too. They just don’t believe they CAN make money using something as simple as, let’s say, flipping websites or private label content.

Or they tell me is that it’s a dangerous approach where you can lose a lot of money.

Or that it is too difficult or -the best one…- that you just can’t compete with the ‘big’ guys.

Whiners!

While all these objections may be (partly) correct, most of these comments come from people who don’t take action. It may very well be that they lack the confidence to take the required steps towards making money online and if you recognize that, read on, because below is a wonderful resource to get rid of that.

Then there’s something like due diligence. A big word for something as simple as….
… use your brain, use common sense.

Entrepreneurs take risks. Even if you only sell a simple Ebook, you’ll take the risk running into someone who buys and files a claim, thus skipping your ‘no questions asked’ money back guarantee.
Well… get over it and continue.

Investigate opportunities, try to estimate the risks and then determine at which point the strategy becomes too risky to continue and what your maximum loss at that point will be.
Decide whether or not to do it. If you don’t, take the next opportunity.

Taking a risk doesn’t have to cost an arm and a leg. But if you’re not willing to spend $40 or $30 or even $10, then you will never get started.

One of the complaints I got from the flipping websites video was that you had to pay to auction your site at Sitepoint.com.
Huh? Ten bucks to sell a website is an obstacle?
Left me flabbergasted.

Yesterday I sent out a little note to my list to buy the Master Resell Rights to some great instruction videos on how to research products. MANY questions are asked about that topic on any marketing forum, because it’s the most important step to promote great products. So there’s a HUGE market for this. So huge that no one can fill it on their own.
Even if everyone reading this blog would buy them, you can easily sell the package to thousands of others looking for answers. It’s a cheap way to make at least some money online.

But it doesn’t even have to cost you money.
Visit the Warrior forum for instance. You’ll find many ideas and positive feedback there, like…

* My First $300 Day
* From 20% conversions to 94% overnight
* How to Tap 60+ millions of targeted responsive visitors
* Paul Myers – Thank you! My Goal is 2k in 2days!
* My Results After One Month of Intense Article Marketing
* I intend to make $10k in 7days
* I Have Paid off $60,000 in Debt Since May 2007

I’m NOT promoting any of these links above, they are just EXAMPLES. I found and quickly scanned them on the first page of the Warrior forum this morning. Haven’t really studied the whole threads.

And yes, people sometimes post …
-about topics that are completely chewed-up like a piece of meat,
-about results of thousands of dollars,
-about results or ideas of just 10 dollars,
-about a ‘Eureka’ factor that has been seen thousand times before.

Boring maybe, but these are joyful posts by ordinary people like you and me, who TOOK ACTION! And were very happy they did. That is the difference between whiners and earners.

Take the last link above. Posted by Amy Bass.
I don’t know Amy other than just reading her special offer in the WSO section of the Warrior forum. I did NOT buy that one, so I can not recommend it, but…
if you believe her story is true (and that’s something you have to find out yourself, due diligence, remember?), the she’s the one you should follow and, ultimately, buy her offer.
Again, no recommendation on my part since I’m not familiar with her product, but a great example.

So…. if you haven’t already, WHEN are you going to take action? It’s the best way to survive any recession and make money online all the time.

Here are two links that I DO encourage you to check out.
Quick Way To $50k This Month

Here’s “A Stupidly Simple Cash Cow” and it’s FREE

Study those two threads!
Thoroughly!
Discover the spirit, the right mind set, to do the same.
It’s the ultimate recipe to survive this recession!

It’s NOT important WHAT plan you come up with and neither is it important HOW MUCH you intend to make when setting your goals (as long as you think big, you may start small).
Just DO something to get over this recession.
20 Ways to make $100 a day may help you.

Meanwhile post your comments below.
Let us know what you have done to survive the recession.

How To Survive Recession is a post from Affordable internet marketing, http://www.affordable-internet-marketing.com by Case Stevens.

Here goes. Enjoy!

Lies…Damn Lies…And Statistics

Hype makes the world go round. Well, at the very least, it makes the internet marketing world go round. You don’t have to travel far to see it in print. It’s rampant in articles, ads, sales copy, blog posts…just about any place where the written word can be found. Each product is better than the one before it. Well, it’s time to put an end to some of these lies, half truths and everything else that makes Internet marketing a dirty phrase that many people look to avoid like the plague.

Photo Credit: waffler

If you’re looking for the biggest lies of all, take your pick. How about earnings? We constantly hear about all the money that these marketers make but how much of it do they really keep? What many people don’t realize is that when somebody says that they made $60,000 from their Adwords campaign, what they don’t tell you is that their expenses for that campaign were $55,000. When you take their net profit, it’s not really all that much money, is it. That’s why stats can be so misleading. Any stat can be displayed in a way where it looks better than what it really is.

Then there’s conversion percentage. This is a really gray area. Lots of conversion stats are plain made up. I’m not going to point any fingers but I know people who just come up with stats out of their head, figuring that nobody’s going to notice the difference anyway. Why? Because quite honestly, few people have a clue about what good conversion stats are simply because they don’t track those stats themselves. Well, I do. I’ve been tracking my stats for over 5 years and I can tell you this much…I don’t see how anybody gets 10% to 20% conversion. I’m happy with my 2% to 4% that I get on a regular basis. And yes, it does fluctuate that much.

Then of course there are the people who just flat out fabricate stats with great graphical programs like Photoshop. Doctoring of screen prints is a big thing. You really can’t trust them. So what I suggest to people, if they really want to convince somebody of their income is to create a video of their earnings. Videos are very difficult to fake and they’re a lot more impressive.

Bottom line is this. You have to be very careful about what you see and hear online. Marketers will always try to put their best foot forward, and that’s understandable. So you have to be able to discern the difference between slight exaggeration and outright lies.

It isn’t easy.

To YOUR Success,

Steven Wagenheim
Blowing The Lid Off The Lies Of The Internet

Lies And Statistics is a post from Affordable Internet Marketing, http://www.affordable-internet-marketing.com by Case Stevens.

Despite the heat, it’s a great way to pass the holidays, because life is easy.
No one is in a hurry. If you can’t get things done today, there’s always tomorrow. Mañana!

My only connection with the Internet is the occasional landline login at a free account. Slow as dried horse manure in a sandpaper decorated sewer.

Which is bad for business, but good for my health. Family, friends and fun come first. I only connect if I absolutly have to.

Nevertheless, I do care about my online bizz, so I occasionally visit the local Internet cafe, where I manage my support emails, delete all the comment spam from my blog and read the barest essentials, like newsletters from Willie Crawford and Paul Myers (if you haven’t done so yet, click these links to subscribe).

These two marketing veterans really know how to overcome slow summer sales. They send out one valuable newsletter issue after the other.

Which ‘unfortunately’ reminds me of my birthday…

Unfortunately, because at my age (well over fifty), there’s an increasing inner urge to forget about celebrating my birthday. As soon as the subject threatens to emerge, I start talking about more important issues of life than trivial, earthly ceremonies.

Reading Paul’s TalkBiz News puts me back on my feet again. He always ‘celebrates’ his birthday offering some specials to his subscribers containing tons of value!

And his birthday is one day before mine!

I always send Paul my congratulations, so that he doesn’t get the impression that he can beat me in this respect. You sometimes have to put things into the right perspective. Nevertheless he keeps celebrating.

This year, Paul decided to offer the JV Manager for $37 instead of the usual $97. Great value, but there are other programs that do lots of the same, like Rapid Action Profits, which I prefer. Nevertheless, a super offer.

But then he went completely bonkers.

Paul offered one of the greatest ebooks for beginning and intermediate copywriters available on the Net: Bob Serling’s “Power Copywriting for the Internet.”

For only $27 while the normal price is $147!

I had my copy already, but DANG!, this was outrageous. I mean, that’s how you overcome slow summersales, making offers your customers simply can’t refuse, but really, that price is way too low. Somehow this insanity has to stop.

And all this because he turned fifty. In his own words: “The Big 5-0.”

From my own experience I know turning 50 is a milestone. Many deny it, but you just have to accept entering the last phase of your life. The ‘senior’ era.
Nothing to really worry about, yet many happy volunteers around you will cheerfully remind you about the fact you’re getting old.

And since you are what you think your direct social environment thinks you are…
(Note: the credence attached to this true law also strongly diminishes with the ages!)

I truly suspect that, in his immeasurable wisdom, Paul already anticipated this problem, which is why he’s always wearing a black hat and dark, wide rimmed glasses.

HA!
You have to do better than that!

FIFTY huh? Congratulations Paul. FIFTY is a great age. Life really  starts at FIFTY! I know. At FIFTY you start using senior coupons. The baby booming industry is targeting FIFTY+ years old people!

Maybe that works.

Willie’s next. Easier to crack. He’s not wearing a black hat and dark goggles.

Insanity To Overcome Slow Summer Sales is a post from Affordable internet marketing, http://www.affordable-internet-marketing.com by Case Stevens.

The Real Truth About Making Money Online

One of the things that I get a chuckle over is all the hype and misinformation that gets circulated around the Internet when it comes to making a living online.

I’m sure you know exactly what I’m talking about…the sales pages that promise you the moon, the get rich quick schemes, the whole mess. It’s enough to make you sick.

Well, this article is going to reveal some truths about making money online. You may not enjoy hearing them, but if you’re going to have any chance of surviving in this jungle, you might want to make a note of some of these.

For starters, there is no quick way to get rich online.

Starting and running a business takes time and it takes a lot of work. The few rare exceptions to this rule were total flukes and most likely happened because somebody came up with a once in a lifetime idea that just happened to catch fire.

The chances of something like this happening are slim to none. Most businesses take time to establish and you’re not going to see a substantial income for many months.

Another myth I want to destroy is that you can make a good living online without knowing what you’re doing.

Sure, if you’ve got the money to just go out and hire everybody you need to run your business, I guess you could be dumber than a stump and make a go of it.

But in most cases, you’re pretty much on your own. And this means understanding a number of things including product creation, copywriting, ad writing, article writing, web site creation and the list goes on and on.

Most people don’t realize this, but there are tons of skills required to run a successful online business.

The last one I want to go over is that all you have to do is put up a web site and the money will come pouring in.

Contrary to popular belief, just having a web site doesn’t guarantee you an income. The Internet is a huge place and the chances of somebody finding your web site are slim to none if you don’t promote it properly. There are many ways to promote a business online. Some are more effective than others but the bottom line is simple. Without actively promoting your site, nobody is going to see it.

There are of course other truths about making a living online. In my signature is a link to a report that goes over many of them. The point is, unless you understand what you’re up against, you’re not going to be prepared for what you’re going to encounter along the way to those easy riches.

Oh yeah…that’s another one.

To YOUR Success,

Steven Wagenheim
Discover The Real Truth About Making Money Online

The Real Truth About Making Money Online is a post from Affordable internet marketing, http://www.affordable-internet-marketing.com by Case Stevens.